青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)对三种活性染料的吸附和降解

通过14C标记底物的矿化实验发现青霉菌对多聚芳香族化合物有一定降解能力,本研究以3种偶氮和蒽醌型活性染料为作用底物,结果表明,青霉菌G-1 (Penicillium sp.)对染料进行吸附,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,最大理论吸附量(Q_max)可达169.5～243.9mg/g干重,被吸附染料最早在第4d完全脱色降解,有菌丝和去除菌丝的培养液中再次加入染料,均可在20～30h内使染料完全脱色降解.     

溶液pH及电流浓度对电化学法生成羟基自由基降解机制的影响

用电化学稳态极化曲线分析方法讨论了溶液pH值及电流浓度对染料降解脱色的影响.实验结果表明,pH值将影响着阴极反应的方向、电极电位与染料降解脱色的效果.在酸性溶液中有利于过氧化氢的生成,阴极电位较低,但不利于随后的絮凝步骤;在中性溶液中染料降解脱色的综合效果较好,COD_Cr去除率可达80%以上.文中还讨论了电流浓度对降解脱色效果的影响,当电解槽内电流浓度达0.5 A/L时可取得满意的效果,电流浓度太大时,体系将伴随着析出氢气等的副反应,降解反应的电流效率下降.      

农药阿维菌素酶促降解的初步研究

从受阿维菌素长期污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解菌株,研究了其最适产酶条件:培养温度35℃,培养液起始pH值7.0,培养时间96h, Hg2+对该菌株产酶有显著的抑制作用.从该降解菌中提取的粗酶液在pH值7.5和37.5℃时显示最大的降解活性,其米氏常数(Km)为6.78nmol/mL,最大降解速率为81.5nmol/(minmg).     

Biochemical composition and early diagenesis of organic matter in coastal sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea influenced by riverine inputs

River inputs influence trophodynamic and biogeochemical processes of adjacent continental shelves. In order to provide new insights on the influence of continental inputs on the benthic trophic state and early diagenesis of sediment organic matter we collected surface sediments in the NW Adriatic Sea at three stations located at increasing distance from the Po River. Sediment samples were collected in four periods characterized by different river outflows and analysed for chloropigment content (chlorophyll-a and phaeopygments), protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations, prokaryote abundance and aminopeptidase activity. Sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea displayed high organic loads, tightly coupled with the outflow dynamics of the Po River. A major flooding event was responsible of an enhanced accumulation of organic material on the sea bottom. The resulting increased nutrient load in the sediment impaired organic matter degradation processes. The results of the present study suggest that the enhanced trophic state of marine coastal sediments subjected to riverine inputs are related not only to the increased nutrient inputs, but that they may be amplified by impaired degradation processes.     

Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species

Abstract:  Scientific and societal unknowns make it difficult to predict how global environmental changes such as climate change and biological invasions will affect ecological systems. In the long term, these changes may have interacting effects and compound the uncertainty associated with each individual driver. Nonetheless, invasive species are likely to respond in ways that should be qualitatively predictable, and some of these responses will be distinct from those of native counterparts. We used the stages of invasion known as the "invasion pathway" to identify 5 nonexclusive consequences of climate change for invasive species: (1) altered transport and introduction mechanisms, (2) establishment of new invasive species, (3) altered impact of existing invasive species, (4) altered distribution of existing invasive species, and (5) altered effectiveness of control strategies. We then used these consequences to identify testable hypotheses about the responses of invasive species to climate change and provide suggestions for invasive-species management plans. The 5 consequences also emphasize the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and expanded coordination among entities involved in invasive-species management.     

Biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) – a review focusing on contents in the plant, plant–pest interactions and transformation

Summary.  To exploit biologically active compounds from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) for suppressing weeds and soil-borne diseases, either as isolated products (biopesticides) or through cultivars with enhanced production of these compounds, the biologically active compounds must be identified, plant content measured, and their fate in soil known. The present review summarizes the published knowledge needed for such exploitation; providing essential information on structure and concentration of flavonols, flavones, condensed tannins, isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans, coumestans, cyanogenic glucosides, and saponins in healthy and stressed white clover plants. Various stresses and particular cultivars affect the concentrations of several of the compounds. Information on biological effects and the degradation/transformation of these compounds in plants or by microorganisms is available. There is no information on the degradation pathway in soil, the mechanisms of exudation and leaching of compounds from plants, and soil sorption properties of the compounds. The clover soil fatigue problem is increasing in grasslands and causes problems especially in organic farming. Research efforts focused on biological elements of clover soil fatigue have not explained it, and the influence of secondary metabolites has not been investigated. There are few investigations into the interaction between beneficial fungi/fungal-diseases and the occurrence of biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover plants. Such studies are critical to better understand beneficial fungi and pathogens.     

利用涡流空化效应降解水中罗丹明B

涡流空化通过特殊结构的涡流仓产生,流体在涡流仓中形成压力远低于大气压力的低压区域,从而产生空化效应.通过CFX计算软件对涡流形成情况进行了模拟计算,确定了适宜的结构参数.对罗丹明B进行了实际降解试验,考察了压力和温度对降解的影响,结果表明,压力提高对降解有利,而温度的影响有一定复杂性.涡流空化降解和超声空化降解的对比试验结果表明,涡流空化降解效率远大于超声空化.      

有机垃圾填埋过程产甲烷量化模型研究

垃圾填埋场产生大量甲烷,收集这些甲烷不仅可减少温室气体排放,并且可将其作为能源利用,而填埋场甲烷产量的预测是其利用过程中的首要环节. 笔者介绍并分析了现有几种有关垃圾填埋场甲烷产量预测模型的不足;并从可降解有机组分的厌氧降解机理出发,对降解主要反应方程进行量化,由此推导出产甲烷量化模型. 结果表明:每kg动物、植物、纸类和木竹类垃圾(净垃圾)分别可产生0.578,0.331,0.270和0.319 kg甲烷;在此基础上,推导出有机垃圾填埋过程产甲烷量化预测模型,验证结果显示,该模型预测结果可靠,且结构简单、参数较少、易于量化,由于在计算过程中舍弃了其他不可降解组分的含碳量,因而比现有模型更加精准.      

疏水性石油烃降解菌细胞表面疏水性及降解特性

从石油污染的土壤中分离纯化得到3株能以石油为唯一碳源和能源生长的石油烃降解菌,分别命名为HDB-1、HDB-2、HDB-3,并采用微生物粘着碳烃化合物法(MATH)对3株菌株的细菌表面疏水性及其环境影响因子进行研究.结果表明:二甲苯-水两相体系适用于3种细菌表面疏水性研究;HDB-1、HDB-2、HDB-3的疏水性分别为68.8%、57.4%、64.1%;随培养时间、碳源的不同和温度、pH的改变,细菌表面疏水性均发生不同程度变化;6d后初始含油量为1000mg/L的培养液的去除率分别为91.6%、64.5%、79.8%.结果还表明,细菌的细胞表面疏水性与其在环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性,疏水性大的细菌对疏水性有机物的降解速度较疏水性小的快.     

红球菌CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的特性及途径

以一株降解氯氰菊酯的红球菌(Rhodococcussp.)CDT3为材料,研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的最适条件(温度、pH值、接种量、培养时间、添加营养物).结果表明,在温度30℃,pH8.0时,CDT3对氯氰菊酯的降解率最高,添加少量葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母汁均能促进它对氯氰菊酯的降解.研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的代谢途径,通过GC-MS分析,证实氯氰菊酯被CDT3降解后的产物是3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)和二氯菊酸(DCVA),推测氯氰菊酯是由CDT3产生的羧酸酯酶降解的,作为验证,提取了CDT3的粗酶液,并且通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)检测了羧酸酯酶.